The Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in Irrigation networks influences the performance of canals. One condition of Conjunctive use is to add the groundwater to the surface water via a canal to satisfy demand. Management and operation of the canal is a complex task that must consider demand variation and groundwater entering the canal. The variety of decision variables in Conjunctive use requires the use of optimization techniques to determine optimal operation. Simulation models should be combined with optimization models for this purpose. In this research, an Irrigation conveyance system simulation (ICSS) hydrodynamic model was used to simulate the flow in an Irrigation canal. A combined optimization technique was used that considered the complex and implicit relations between the objective function and decision variables. A model based on the shuffled complex evolution (SCE) optimization technique, a heuristic intelligent search technique, was used to develop an ICSS-SCE model. The proposed model was applied to the L8 canal of the Qazvin Irrigation network, consisting of five Conjunctive wells. Two options (25 and 40%) for demand increase provided by groundwater was considered. For each option, regular and optimum operations (four options in total) were taken into account. Optimal control settings (for water flow) were determined and canal performance for each option was calculated using the ICSS-SCE model. The results showed that setting controls according to optimal recommendations influenced by Conjunctive use led to considerable performance improvement of the canal and intakes. The objective function of the canal was improved in two cases by 40-48%. In general, it was concluded that the proposed model was capable of determining optimal operation of the Irrigation canals under Conjunctive surface and groundwater use.

In order to study the effect of Irrigation with saline water under different methods on yield quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Sorgum. An experiment conducted in experimental farm of Islamic Azad University Shahr-e-Qods Branch. Experimental design Included four treatments included T1: Saline and fresh water treatment, T2: Alternative saline and fresh water treatment, T3: Mixed saline and fresh water treatment, T4: Control treatment. Result had shown best water use efficiency in T1 treatment than control treatment. T1; 19%, T2; 35% and T3; 50% decrease observed than control treatment.

Introduction: Increasing population growth along with the lack of freshwater resources have necessitated the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture, as the largest fresh water consumer, especially in the arid and semiarid areas. Application of suitable Irrigation management with saline water can reduce the yield loss caused by salinity. Saline farming is based on the cultivation of crops and plant varieties that can tolerate high levels of salinity. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild. ) is a genetically diverse Andean grain crop that has earned special attention worldwide due to its nutritional and health benefits and its ability to adapt to contrasting environments, including nutrient-poor and saline soils and drought stressed marginal agro-ecosystems. Drought and salinity are the abiotic stresses most studied in quinoa. Cultivation of salinity resistant cultivars, such as Quinoa plant is one of the techniques to use saline water. The results of Jamali and Ansari (2019) showed that Irrigation with saline water during all the growth stages of quinoa plants (Titicaca cv) significantly decreases grain yield and 1000 kernel weights by 20. 8% and 20. 0 %, respectively. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of Conjunctive moderation of saline water in Irrigation of Quinoa plants (Chenopodium quinoa Wild. ). Materials and Methods: Research station is located in northeast of Iran at 36°,16' N latitude and 59°,38' E longitude with 958. 0 meters height from sea level. In this study, six Irrigation treatments including well water (1. 23 dS. m-1, control treatment (W)), saline water (15 dS. m-1, SW), alternative saline water and freshwater (ASW), mixture of 50: 50 saline and freshwater (7. 2 dS. m-1, MSW), fixed partial root-zone salinity-stress (FPRS), and alternative partial root-zone salinity-stress (APRS) were evaluated on some growth parameters, yield, and physical productivity of water in Quinoa (CV. Titicaca) production. The research was done based on completely randomized design, including three replications as pot planting in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, at greenhouse conditions, during 2018-2019. The seeds of Quinoa were planted at a depth of 1. 5 centimeter in silty clay soil of each pot and were irrigated with well water. Physical and chemical properties of Irrigation water and soil were determined before experiment. The collected data analyzed using statistical software of SAS (Ver. 9. 0) and the means were compared using LSD test at 5 % probability. Results and Discussion: The results showed that, different Irrigation moderation had a significant impact on physical productivity of water, harvest index, panicle length, plant height, stem diameter, panicle weight, and grain yield at 1% (P<0. 01), but this treatment was significant at 5% (P<0. 05) on branches number, panicle width, panicle number, and 1000 kernel weights. The maximum reduction in physical productivity of water was observed in plants receiving SW treatment (15 dS. m-1 NaCl). Notable increases of 23. 1%, 19. 2%, 3. 8%, and 19. 2% in the 1000 kernel weight, 25%, 23. 4%, 2. 7%, and 18. 9% grain yield and 25%, 12. 5%, 3. 8%, and 25% physical water productivity in Quinoa (c. v. NSRCQ) production were observed when plants were grown under applying ASW, MSW, FPRS, and APRS moderation, compared with SW moderation. Conclusions: Whilst comparing with control treatments (W), the lowest decreases of 19. 4%, 23. 5%, and 23. 1% were noted respectively in grain yield, 1000 kernel weights, and physical water productivity exposed to ASW treatment. The NSRCQ cultivar showed the highest potential for yield and growing under saline conditions (ASW and APRS moderation). Morphological and yield responses of Quinoa (c. v. NSRCQ) to all treatments (moderation saline water), under greenhouse conditions, showed that quinoa has wide plasticity and tolerance to salinity stress. Due to the lack of water resources and increasing population growth, it is recommended to use unconventional water (for exp. saline water) and cultivation of crop varieties (for exp. Quinoa) that can tolerate high levels of salinity, especially in the arid and semiarid areas.

Due to extensive agricultural activities on the plains and the use of chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen, significant amount of this element enter the aquifer. On the other hand, effluent of wastewater treatment plants is used in Irrigation and drainage networks as an alternative or supplementary source of surface water. Therefore, adoption of strategies for reducing and controlling the amount of nitrogen that enters the soil and aquifer is an important issue. The aim of this research was to develop a cropping pattern optimization model by quantitative-qualitative Conjunctive use of unconventional surface water (wastewater) and groundwater. The three objectives of the model were maximizing profits from cropping pattern, reducing nitrogen leaching, and improving the rate of aquifer recharge. In order to integrate management of wastewater and Irrigation water resources, the nonlinear three-objective optimization model was run for 7 scenarios (one-objective, two-objectives, and three-objectives) in water year 2012-2013, for Varamin Irrigation network. The input data required for the model were collected in two ways: regional testing and obtaining information from various institutions. Solving one-objective model by first objective (first scenario: improving the network’s profit) showed the 49 percent improvement in the network’s net profit. The second objective (second scenario: reducing of fertilizer consumption) showed 95% reduction of fertilizer consumption, and the third objective (third scenario: improving the aquifer recharge) showed 120% improvement in the aquifer recharge, in comparison to the current situation. Solving the three-objective model (seventh scenario: combined objectives of improving network’s net profit, reducing fertilizer consumption, and improving the aquifer recharge) showed a reduction of 23% in cultivated area, 71% in nitrogen fertilizer consumption, and 13% in Conjunctive withdrawals of wastewater and groundwater. Also, these reductions increase net benefit by 6%, aquifer recharge by 29%, and water productivity by 22%. Therefore, the seventh scenario was chosen as the best scenario. The results of this research could be adopted for optimum use of water resources, increasing farmers' benefit, and decreasing nitrogen leaching in Irrigation network projects. However, it is to be noted that, generally, use of wastewater for Irrigation of food crops is not recommended.

Leaf Wetness Duration (LWD) is a key parameter in agricultural meteorology. Because of difficulties involved in LWD being readily measured, several methods have been developed to estimate it from weather data. Among the employed to estimate LWD, those that use physical principles of dew formation plus dew and/or rain evaporation have shown to be especially transmittable and of sufficiently accurate results, but their complexity is a disadvantage for operational use. Alternatively, empirical models have been utilized despite their limitations. The simplest empirical models use only relative humidity data. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of an RH-based empirical model and a Penman-Monteith physical model to estimate LWD in Sarvestan automatic station located in Fars province. The results indicated that both models during warm seasons underestimate LWD, while during cold seasons, the physical and empirical models show overestimation and underestimation, respectively. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in empirical model was recorded to be less than that in physical model's estimations. An adjusted optimum threshold value of relative humidity was suggested for the study which improved the estimations. Using an RH-based empirical model led to more accurate LWD estimations with less errors as compared with the previous published data. Hourly comparisons also showed that the optimum threshold model was of a more acceptable performance as compared with the other models.

Most traditional grammarians in describing Conjunctive make use of metaphoric genitive construction. However, one can see that there is a great difference between the two genitive constructions. The most important difference is the analogical structure which exists in the metaphoric genitive construction but it does not exist in Conjunctive. Unlike grammarians who consider that the adjunct in this genitive construction is the main goal in Conjunctive, what is considered here is the combination of the adjunct and the governed word and not just either of them alone. In most of the sentences in which there is a Conjunctive, if we omit the adjunct or the governed word, the sentence will have a figurative meaning, a meaning which derives from the genitive construction. The strategy that traditional grammarians have suggested for identifying the characteristics of Conjunctive is incorrect. Grammarians who have studied the subject from a linguistic perspective also did not explain this properly and they have only paid attention to the appearance of the compound and have neglected the meaning differences. This study concludes that in explaining the Conjunctive we should not make a comparison between Conjunctive and metaphoric genitive construction. The only resemblance of these two genitive constructions is in the structure “core+e+dependent.”If in examining genitive constructions only the structure is considered, all of the genitive constructions will be put in one group. But paying attention only to the form of the compound does not complete the grammatical concepts. In grammatical investigations, it is better to consider the structure and meaning at the same time. Having said that the purpose of Conjunctive is the figurative meaning of this kind of genitive construction and is not the adjunct or the governed word alone.

Limitations of rainfall and surface water resources farmers have to use both surface and subsurface resources for growing different crops. In this study optimal management of Irrigation water allocation and cropping pattern utilizing Conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources is studied. Also the effect of reducing water c onsumption in different growth stages with different Irrigation strategies for major crops (wheat, barely, corn, sugar beet, rice) in Fars province was studied. The results of the study showed that optimal cropping pattern for the first season would be mainly wheat and in the second season would be corn and rice. Also in this model different policies for decreasing water demand were studied. Since crop water requirement in the second season is higher than the first season, therefore restriction on including high water consuming crops in the second season would be the best choice in the cropping pattern.

Due to the limited freshwater, farmers have to use exotic waters such as seawater. One of the management methods is the conjunction use of fresh and seawater. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of Conjunctive Irrigation with seawater and fresh water on the yield and yield components of Dill (Anethum graveolens L. ) in greenhouse conditions. The research was done based on a completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2016. In this study, there were five Irrigation regimes (Irrigation with one-third of the sea water with tsp water, Irrigation with half seawater and then one more half with fresh water, Alternate Irrigation with seawater and tap water, and Conjunction Irrigation). The results inducted that the effect of different Irrigation regimes on Umbrellas per plant, umbels per umbrellas and thousand kernel weights was highly significant (P<0. 01), but the number of leaves per plant, branches number, the number of seeds per plant, and the seed number in umbrellas were significant at 5 percent level (P<0. 05). In this study, all parameters were decreased significantly with the increase at all levels of water salinity. The results showed that one-third seawater and tap water Irrigation regime, as compared to other regimes after control regimes, had the highest Umbrellas per plant, umbels per umbrellas, the number of leaves per plant, branches number, the number of seeds per plant, and the seed number in umbrellas. One-third, half alternate, alternate and the mixture of sea water and tap water resulted in the decrease of thousand kernel weights, reaching ti 13. 6, 19. 0, 30. 1 and 65. 1 percent, respectively.

Introduction Reduction of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas requires the application of management methods to achieve optimal performance. With the logical application of saline water as a source of Irrigation water, we can supply a part of the crop water requirement (Hamdy, A., Abdel-Dayem, S. and Abu-Zeid, M., 1993), using various applicable management techniques. The optimal management is, in turn, considered as the use of Conjunctive Irrigation. Two commonly used solutions include mixing salty and fresh water to obtain water with the optimal salinity; and also the periodic application of fresh and salty water (Amer, 2010; Aslam, & Prathapar, 2006). In effect, salt mainly enters the surface layers of the soil through Irrigation and the solute moves vertically from the unsaturated to the saturated zone and towards the groundwater. In turn, the SWAP model is often used to simulate the solute transfer in soil. However, field measurement of the solute concentration changes is very difficult in soil profiles. A simulation model can, thus, be used to estimate the accumulation of solutes in the soil profiles. (Van Dam, Huygen, & Wesseling, 1997)...